What is deception and is there an art to it? Well, according to online sources, deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda and sleight of hand as well as distraction, camouflage or concealment. There is also self-deception, as in bad faith. It can also be called, with varying subjective implications, beguilement, deceit, bluff, mystification, ruse, or subterfuge.
Deception is a major relational transgression that often leads to feelings of betrayal and distrust between relational partners. Deception violates relational rules and is considered to be a negative violation of expectations.
Most people expect friends, relational partners, and even strangers to be truthful most of the time. If people expected most conversations to be untruthful, talking and communicating with others would require distraction and misdirection to acquire reliable information.
Most deception occurs between romantic and relational partners; which means that they know or know of each other.
Buller and Burgoon (1996) have proposed three taxonomies to distinguish motivations for deception based on their Interpersonal Deception Theory:
- Instrumental: to avoid punishment or to protect resources.
- Relational: to maintain relationships or bonds.
- Identity: to preserve "face" or the self-image.
Do you know that the law protects deceit by government officials whereby they are not held liable for the lies they tell regardless of the real harm such lies may cause. While not all lies by government officials result in harm, when they do, it is nearly impossible to hold those officials responsible for such deceit. This approach differs drastically from how the law treats lies by citizens both to the government and to each other.
The result is a double standard in the law of deception that governs interactions between private citizens and government officials. In most areas of the law that govern deceptive acts, a deceived individual must show an actual harm arising from the deceptive act to recover. Indeed, the law that governs deceit between citizens and government officials is a strange double standard.
Mmm, makes (or should make) you wonder about what's really going on these days. Who is trying to avoid being discovered and punished, what do they have to lose? Who is trying to maintain relations or pledges or treaties, and who is trying to renege on them due to broken promises, debt and or foreseen inability to keep future promises?
Lastly, who is trying to save face and or self image? A lot of people, global players and competitors, pitted against each other and innocent/ignorant people get caught up in it and are harmed but who can you blame? FYI, there are seven effective tips for deceiving someone. I would bone up on them if I were you... so you can't be deceived!
Online sources~
https://www.law.georgetown.edu/american-criminal-law-review/in-print/volume-55-number-2-spring-2018/a-double-standard-in-the-law-of-deception-when-lies-to-the-government-are-penalized-and-lies-by-the-government-are-protected/
Buller, D. B.; Burgoon, J. K. (1996). "Interpersonal Deception Theory". Communication Theory. 6 (3): 203–24
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